Imagine a Viking longhouse nestled amidst the rugged Scandinavian landscape. Inside, the warmth of a flickering flame casts dancing shadows on wooden beams, illuminating faces gathered around to share stories of gods, heroes, and distant lands. This scene, timeless and evocative, is brought to life through the humble oil lamps unearthed at archaeological sites like Birka and Hedeby. These artifacts not only shed light on the physical spaces of the Norse people but also illuminate the intricate tapestry of their daily lives.

This article delves into the world of Viking oil lamps—exploring their construction, functionality, and significance. We will journey through the historical contexts of Birka and Hedeby, understand who the Norse people and Vikings were, and uncover the practical and symbolic roles these lamps played. For enthusiasts and aspiring artisans, we’ll provide guidance on recreating these ancient artifacts, connecting you directly with a vibrant past.

The Significance of Birka & Hedeby

Birka: Sweden’s First Urban Center

Located on Björkö Island in Lake Mälaren, Birka was a flourishing hub of trade and culture during the Viking Age, roughly from the 8th to the 10th centuries. Recognized as Sweden’s first urban settlement, Birka was more than a marketplace; it was a melting pot where traders from as far as the Middle East converged. The site’s rich archaeological finds, including pottery, jewelry, and the oil lamps that are the focus of our exploration, offer invaluable insights into the complexities of Norse society.

Hedeby: The Crossroads of Trade

Situated near the modern-day Danish-German border, Hedeby (also known as Haithabu) was one of the most significant Viking towns. Its strategic position near the base of the Jutland Peninsula made it a pivotal point connecting the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The wealth of artifacts recovered from Hedeby, ranging from tools and weapons to everyday household items like oil lamps, underscores its importance as a center of commerce and cultural exchange.

The Norse People & the Vikings

Who Were the Norse People?

The Norse people were the inhabitants of Scandinavia during the Viking Age. They were a complex society of farmers, traders, craftsmen, and explorers. Their lives were deeply intertwined with the natural world, and they held a rich pantheon of deities who governed aspects of life and nature. Community and kinship were central to Norse society, with local assemblies known as “Things” serving as forums for decision-making and justice.

Understanding the Term “Viking”

The term “Viking” originates from the Old Norse word víkingr, which referred to a person who undertakes an expedition or voyage. While the word has become synonymous with Norse warriors and raiders, Vikings were also explorers, settlers, and traders. Their voyages spanned from North America to the Middle East, leaving an indelible mark on the history and cultures they encountered.

The Viking Oil Lamps

Viking oil lamps were primarily crafted from materials that were readily available and practical for daily use. Clay and earthenware were the most common materials due to their abundance and ease of manipulation. In some instances, metals such as bronze or iron were used, suggesting a higher status or specific functional needs.

Construction Techniques

The construction of these lamps reflected both simplicity and functionality. Artisans employed hand-building techniques like coiling and pinching, which required minimal tools and allowed for a high degree of personal expression. The lamps often featured subtle decorations—incised lines or simple motifs—that added aesthetic appeal without compromising utility.

Design & Functionality

Typically, the lamps were shallow bowls or dishes with a pinch or spout on one side to hold a wick or a central pillar around which a wick could be wrapped. Their sizes varied, ranging from small, portable lamps to larger ones intended for communal spaces. The design was straightforward, yet effective, providing sufficient light for domestic activities, crafts, or gatherings within the dim interiors of Viking dwellings.

How the Lamps Worked

The versatility of Viking oil lamps lay in their ability to utilize various fuel sources, a necessity in the resource-scarce environments of Scandinavia. Liquid Fuels such as fish oil and whale oil were commonly used, capitalizing on the abundant marine life. Vegetable oils, such as flaxseed oil, were also utilized when available.  Solid Fuels like tallow, derived from animal fat, provided a solid alternative. It was particularly useful during colder months when liquid oils could become viscous.

Wick Placement & Maintenance

Wicks were made from readily available materials like twisted plant fibers, moss, or strips of cloth. They were placed in the spout or along the edge of the lamp, with one end immersed in the fuel and the other exposed to be lit. In lamps with a central pillar, wicking material could be wound or wrapped around the clay post. Adjusting the wick’s position controlled the flame’s size and brightness, allowing for efficient fuel usage and minimal smoke.

Versatility & Importance

These lamps were more than sources of light; they were essential tools that extended the functional hours of the day. In a region where winter nights are long and daylight scarce, the ability to illuminate indoor spaces was crucial. Oil lamps facilitated domestic chores, craftwork, and social interactions, reinforcing communal bonds and cultural practices.

Recreating Viking Oil Lamps

For those inspired to connect with the past through craftsmanship, recreating a Viking oil lamp offers a tangible link to Norse heritage. The process is accessible and rewarding, suitable for both seasoned artisans and novices.  For this version, we will make an oil lamp with a spout on the side.

Choosing the Right Clay

Selecting appropriate clay is the foundation of your project. Opt for a local, low-fire earthenware clay, which closely resembles the materials used by Viking artisans. Earthenware is forgiving and fires at lower temperatures, making it suitable for beginners.

The Role of Temper in Clay

An essential aspect of traditional pottery, temper refers to non-plastic materials added to clay to improve its workability and durability.

• Purpose: Temper reduces shrinkage during drying and firing, preventing cracks. It also enhances thermal shock resistance, crucial for items like lamps that will endure heat.
• Materials Used: Common tempers include sand, crushed shells, and grog (ground-up fired clay). These materials are mixed into the clay body, dispersing stress during firing.
• Incorporating Temper: To temper your clay, gradually mix in the chosen material—about 20% temper to 80% clay by volume is a good starting point. Ensure even distribution for consistent results.

By incorporating temper, you’re not only improving the physical properties of your lamp but also engaging with a practice that connects you directly to ancient artisans.

Construction Process

Step 1: Preparing the Clay

Begin by thoroughly wedging the clay to eliminate air pockets and ensure a uniform texture.

What is Wedging?

Wedging is a process similar to kneading dough. It involves repeatedly pressing and rolling the clay to:

• Eliminate Air Bubbles: Trapped air can cause the clay to crack or even explode during firing.
• Align Clay Particles: Ensuring an even consistency throughout the clay body.

How to Wedge Your Clay:

1. Set Up Your Workspace: Place the clay on a clean, sturdy surface like a plaster slab or wooden board.
2. Form the Clay into a Block: Shape it into a manageable size.
3. Press and Roll:
   • Using the heels of your hands, push the clay down and away from you.
   • Fold the clay back over itself.
   • Rotate the clay slightly and repeat the process.
4. Repeat the Process: Continue wedging for several minutes until the clay feels uniform and free of lumps or air pockets.

This step is vital because it prepares the clay for shaping, making it more pliable and reducing the risk of defects during drying and firing.

Step 2: Shaping the Lamp

Use the pinching technique to form your lamp.

• Start with a Ball: Roll the wedged clay into a smooth ball about the size of your fist.
• Create the Bowl Shape:
  • Press your thumb into the center of the ball, about halfway through.
  • Gently pinch the clay between your thumb and fingers, rotating the ball as you go.
  • Continue pinching and rotating until you’ve formed an even, bowl-like shape with walls about 1/4-inch thick.
• Form a Spout:
  • On one side of the bowl, pinch the rim to create a small spout or pour lip.
  • This will hold the wick in place when the lamp is in use.

Step 3: Adding Decorative Elements

While simplicity is authentic, feel free to adorn your lamp with Norse motifs.

• Choose Your Design: Consider patterns like interlacing knots, spirals, or runes.
• Incise the Motifs: Use a pointed tool such as a wooden skewer, toothpick, or the tip of a knife to gently carve your designs into the clay.
• Personalize Your Lamp: These decorations not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also make your lamp uniquely yours.

Step 4: Drying

Allow your lamp to dry slowly at room temperature.

• Prevent Rapid Drying: Cover the lamp loosely with plastic wrap or place it in a damp box (a container with a controlled humidity environment).
• Drying Time: This may take several days to a week, depending on the climate and humidity.
• Check for Readiness: The lamp should be completely dry to the touch and lighter in color before firing.